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Safety Assessments for Various Types of Buildings
Release Date:
2020/02/18
With the rapid development of urban construction in China, the assessment of housing quality and safety has also improved; however, many questions still remain. In practice, such assessments often lack operability, are largely symbolic, and fail to attract sufficient attention from local governments. Consequently, strengthening the inspection and evaluation of housing quality and safety has become a pressing practical issue. Below, let us explore various approaches to housing safety assessment:
1. Housing Safety Assessment
Inspections of buildings constructed primarily since the 1950s are routine safety assessments and represent the most common type of building safety evaluation. The complexity of the assessment is determined by the actual on-site conditions, and such buildings are typically influenced by factors related to their service environment.
2. Determination of the Normal Usability of the House
This type of property appraisal places particular emphasis on determining whether such defects impair the occupant’s normal use, such as damaged or deteriorated finishes, water leaks, and hollow-sounding areas. During the inspection, greater attention is given to reviewing the architectural drawings and assessing the actual on-site conditions. Such appraisals are typically conducted in cases involving retroactive registration of property rights or changes to the intended use of the property.
3. Safety Assessment of Residential Renovation Structures
This type of housing project primarily involves completely restructuring the internal layout or adding new extensions, which may increase the structural load. The key to assessment lies in rechecking and recalculating to determine whether the renovation—both before and after—has affected the overall integrity of the building and whether it continues to meet the relevant code requirements.
4. Safety Assessment of Building Components
This type of assessment involves conducting a safety evaluation of individual structural components, such as concrete beams, slabs, and columns in a building undergoing demolition or renovation, to determine whether these components have any impact on the overall structural system and whether there are any signs of damage progression.
5. Urgent Assessment of Sudden Safety Incidents in Residential Properties
In cases of building damage caused by earthquakes, fires, gas explosions, or external forces, the assessment personnel shall, upon first arriving at the scene, promptly determine the severity of the damage based on the actual conditions on site and, in conjunction with relevant inspection items, comprehensively evaluate whether the building qualifies as a dangerous structure. For this type of assessment, thorough preparatory work must be carried out to ensure readiness for immediate on-site deployment, along with the development of appropriate emergency response plans and remedial measures.
6. Risk Assessment of Buildings and Determination of Building Condition
When consulting the relevant standards, the “Standard for Determining the Risk Level of Buildings” (JGJ 125–99) is typically applied to buildings that have a certain structural system but whose materials are substandard, such as older brick-and-wood structures; whereas the “Standard for Determining the Degree of Damage and Serviceability of Buildings” is generally used for irregular, non-standard buildings that do not conform to a systematic design. Therefore, when conducting an assessment, the appropriate standard and evaluation method should be selected based on the actual conditions at the site.
7. Judicial Housing Safety Assessment
This type of case typically arises in civil disputes and is entrusted to the court, requiring the cooperation of both parties in the appraisal and inspection process. In particular, on-site inspections may only be conducted after mutual agreement has been reached, and such inspections must include an assessment of the project’s quality. The results of the inspection shall be jointly acknowledged by both parties.
8. Seismic Safety Assessment of Buildings
In the wake of the damage to Chinese buildings caused by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, the proportion of seismic safety assessments for buildings has increased year by year in recent years. Over the past two years, a series of revised codes and standards pertaining to seismic design have been continuously implemented, underscoring the Ministry of Construction’s heightened emphasis on seismic assessment. During the assessment process, concrete structures and masonry structures account for a substantial share, with structural performance and structural systems serving as the critical focus of inspection and evaluation.
9. Assessment of Safety Impacts on Surrounding Buildings during Construction
Safety assessments for this type of building are typically conducted in three phases: the initial inspection and assessment (prior to construction), the interim safety assessment (during the construction process), and the final safety assessment (upon completion of the project, usually when excavation work has reached the ±0 elevation). Based on the construction schedule, continuous monitoring and inspection are carried out in real time, with timely warnings issued whenever potential issues are identified. As such assessments often involve civil disputes among the public, it is essential to properly manage the relationships among the project owner, the contractor, and local residents; where necessary, relevant government authorities may be requested to intervene and facilitate negotiations to resolve any conflicts or disputes.
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